Problems

Today we will focus on the study of Euclidean geometry of plane figures. Around 300 BCE a Greek mathematician Euclid developed a rigorous way to study plane geometry in his work Elements based on axioms (statement assumed to be correct) and theorems (statements deduced from axioms). The axioms of Euclidean Elements are the following:

• For any two different points, there exists a line containing these two points, and this line is unique.

• A straight line segment can be prolonged indefinitely.

• A circle is defined by a point for its centre and a distance for its radius.

• All right angles are equal.

• For any line $L$ and point $P$ not on $L$, there exists a line through $P$ not meeting $L$, and this line is unique.

In examples we deduce from the axioms above the following basic principles:
1. The supplementary angles (angles "hugging" a straight line) add up to ${180}^{\circ }$.
2. The sum of all internal angles of a triangle is also ${180}^{\circ }$.
3. A line cutting two parallel lines cuts them at the same angles (these are called corresponding angles).
4. In an isosceles triangle (which has two sides of equal lengths), the two angles touching the third side are equal.

Let’s have a look at some examples of how to apply these axioms to prove geometric statements.

• We call two figures congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are equal. Let $ABD$ an $A^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }$ be two right-angled triangles with right angle $D$. Then if $AD=A^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }$ and $AB=A^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }$ then the triangles $ABD$ and $A^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }$ are congruent.

• It follows from the previous statement that if two lines $AB$ and $CD$ are parallel than angles $BCD$ and $CBA$ are equal.

We prove the other two assertions from the description:

• The sum of all internal angles of a triangle is also ${180}^{\circ }$.

• In an isosceles triangle (which has two sides of equal lengths), two angles touching the third side are equal.

In the triangle $ABC$ the sides are compared as following: $AC>BC>AB$. Prove that the angles are compared as follows: $\mathrm{\angle }B>\mathrm{\angle }A>\mathrm{\angle }C$.

Consider a quadrilateral $ABCD$. Choose a point $E$ on side $AB$. A line parallel to the diagonal $AC$ is drawn through $E$ and meets $BC$ at $F$. Then a line parallel to the other diagonal $BD$ is drawn through $F$ and meets $CD$ at $G$. And then a line parallel to the first diagonal $AC$ is drawn through $G$ and meets $DA$ at $H$. Prove the $EH$ is parallel to the diagonal $BD$.

The numbers from $1$ to $9$ are written in a row. Is it possible to write down the same numbers from $1$ to $9$ in a second row beneath the first row so that the sum of the two numbers in each column is an exact square?

On a Halloween night ten children with candy were standing in a row. In total, the girls and boys had equal amounts of candy. Each child gave one candy to each person on their right. After that, the girls had $25$ more candy than they used to. How many girls are there in the row?

There are $16$ cubes, each face of every cube is coloured yellow, black, or red (different cubes can be coloured differently). After looking at their colouring pattern, Pinoccio said that he could put all the cubes on the table in such a way that only the yellow color would be visible, on the next turn he could put the cubes in such a way that only the black color would be visible, and also he could put them in such a way that only the red color would be visible. Is there a colouring of the cubes such that he could tell the truth?

Cut an arbitrary triangle into parts that can be used to build a triangle that is symmetrical to the original triangle with respect to some straight line (the pieces cannot be inverted, they can only be rotated on the plane).

Find all solutions of the puzzle $HE\times HE=SHE$. Different letters denote different digits, while the same letters correspond to the same digits.