Problems

Was the Dormouse right? Is “I breathe when I sleep” the same thing as “I sleep when I breathe”?

Mary Ann yawns every time it rains. In fact Mary Ann is yawning right now. Is it raining at the moment?

The March Hare, the Hatter, and the Dormouse were accused of stealing some tarts. At the trial The March Hare said it was the Hatter who stole the tarts. The Dormouse and the Hatter made statements too, but nobody remembered what they said, and all the records were destroyed by Alice’s tears. As the trial proceeded, it became clear that the tarts were stolen by a person, who in fact was the only one who gave a truthful statement. Who stole the tarts?

Take $x=-\frac{1}{2}$. It solves $$2x+1=0.$$ Add $x^2$ to both sides of the above equation $$x^2+2x+1=x^2.$$ Completing the square, we rewrite the equality as $$(x+1{)}^2=x^2.$$ Now, taking the square root from the both sides of the equality we get $$x+1=x.$$ Subtracting $x$ from both sides we get $$1=0$$ Can you explain what went wrong in our reasoning? Why?

Now! – said the Hatter. – you might just as well say that “I see what I eat” is the same thing as “I don’t eat what I don’t see”!

– You might just as well say, – added the March Hare, –that “I like what I get” is the same thing as “I don’t get what I don’t like”!

– You might just as well say,– added the Dormouse, which seemed to be talking in its sleep, – that “I breathe when I sleep” is the same thing as “I don’t sleep when I don’t breathe”!

– It is the same thing indeed,– said the Hatter, and here the conversation dropped.

Do you agree with them? Why?

We already know that $x=y$ does not follow from $x^2=y^2$.

But is it true that if $x^2\ne y^2$ then $x\ne y$?

Tweedledum and Tweedledee were standing under a tree, each with an arm round the other’s neck. Last time Alice met them she knew immediately which was which, because one of them had “DUM” embroidered on his collar, and the other “DEE”. ‘No embroidery this time,’ she said to herself. ‘How do I distinguish them?’. ‘O, yes!’, she suddenly remembered that one of them always tells the truth, while the other always lies. ‘I have to ask one of them just one question, he will answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’, and I will know which is which’, she thought. What question was Alice going to ask?

Is “If you come here, then you are mad” the same thing as “If you are not mad, then you wouldn’t have come here”.

Is “if $x=y$ then $x^2=y^2$” the same thing as “if $x^2\ne y^2$ then $x\ne y$”?

What is common between the two examples above? In fact, if you want to know some fancy words (you should understand what they mean, of course), we just stated that a direct proof and a proof by contrapositive is the same thing. In simple words it means that “If A then B” is the same thing as “If not B, then not A”.

A proof by contrapositive can be very useful. In some problems it is much easier to prove “If not B, then not A” compare to “If A then B”. Let’s consider another example, where a proof by contrapositive can be very useful

There are 10 lines drawn on the plane, all intersecting at the same point. Show that there will be at least two lines with angle between them less than ${18}^o$.