Problems

A numeric set \(M\) containing 2003 distinct numbers is such that for every two distinct elements \(a, b\) in \(M\), the number \(a^2+ b\sqrt 2\) is rational. Prove that for any \(a\) in \(M\) the number \(q\sqrt 2\) is rational.

Does there exist a function \(f (x)\) defined for all \(x \in \mathbb{R}\) and for all \(x, y \in \mathbb{R}\) satisfying the inequality \(| f (x + y) + \sin x + \sin y | < 2\)?

We call a number \(x\) rational if it can be represented as \(x=\frac{p}{q}\) for coprime integers \(p\) and \(q\). Otherwise we call the number irrational.
Non-zero numbers \(a\) and \(b\) satisfy the equality \(a^2b^2 (a^2b^2 + 4) = 2(a^6 + b^6)\). Prove that at least one of them is irrational.

The real numbers \(x\) and \(y\) are such that for any distinct prime odd \(p\) and \(q\) the number \(x^p + y^q\) is rational. Prove that \(x\) and \(y\) are rational numbers.

The functions \(f (x) - x\) and \(f (x^2) - x^6\) are defined for all positive \(x\) and increase. Prove that the function

also increases for all positive \(x\).

Prove that if the numbers \(x, y, z\) satisfy the following system of equations for some values of \(p\) and \(q\): \[\begin{aligned} y &= x^2 + px + q,\\ z &= y^2 + py + q,\\ x &= z^2 + pz + q, \end{aligned}\] then the inequality \(x^2y + y^2z + z^2x \geq x^2z + y^2x + z^2y\) is satisfied.

Four numbers (from 1 to 9) have been used to create two numbers with four-digits each. These two numbers are the maximum and minimum numbers, respectively, possible. The sum of these two numbers is equal to 11990. What could the two numbers be?

Prove that a graph with \(n\) vertices, the degree of each of which is at least \(\frac{n-1}{2}\), is connected.

In the Far East, the only type of transport is a carpet-plane. From the capital there are 21 carpet-planes, from the city of Dalny there is one carpet-plane, and from all of the other cities there are 20. Prove that you can fly from the capital to Dalny (possibly with interchanges).

Solve the equation \(3x + 5y = 7\) in integers.